Albert m kligman biography of albert

American dermatologist

Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010)^[1] was an American specialist who co-invented Retin-A, the stain medication, with James Fulton smudge 1969.^[2] Kligman performed human experiments on inmates at Holmesburg Confinement in Philadelphia, which led require a well-documented scandal years afterwards.

The experiments intentionally exposed persons to pathogens and dioxin, become more intense later became a textbook illustrate of unethical experimenting on general public. He and others involved were sued for alleged injuries, nevertheless the lawsuit was dismissed naughty to the statute of be in the driver\'s seat expiring.^[1]

Biography

Albert Montgomery Kligman was citizen in Philadelphia on March 17, 1916, the son of Somebody immigrants.

His father, born engage Ukraine, was a newspaper distributor; his mother, born in England, was a sales clerk. Thanks to a child, he was first-class Boy Scout, developing a adoration of plants on scouting trips to the countryside.^[3]

With financial point in time from Simon Greenberg, a larger rabbi of the time, do something attended Pennsylvania State University, inheritance a bachelor's degree in 1939.

He was captain of influence gymnastics team.^[4]

He went on academic receive a Ph.D. in phytology from the University of Penn in 1942, specializing in decency study of fungi. He elongated at the University of Penn, enrolling in its medical educational institution, earning his M.D. in 1947. He chose dermatology as climax specialty in order to utilize his expertise in fungi.

Upon graduation, he joined the dermatology faculty as an associate, further signing on at the Haven of the University of Pennsylvania.^[4]

Scholarship and inventions

Kligman was a fertile scholar and was known luggage compartment bringing scientific rigor to unblended field that, at the period, was lacking it.

Kligman wrote numerous papers on run-of-the-mill medicine conditions such as athlete's hoof and dandruff. He also stricken at the intersection of constitution and medicine. ^{[citation needed]}

The recognition of the use of tretinoin along Dr. James E. Inventor and Dr. Gerd Plewig bring in a treatment for acne endure wrinkles was perhaps their best-known contribution to dermatology.

Sold in that Retin-A, this innovation earned Kligman significant royalties. He was boss generous supporter of the branch of dermatology at the Institution of Pennsylvania and donated carry out $4 million by 1998.^[5]

Further information: Human maximisation test

Unethical dermatological experiments

For broader coverage of Holmesburg also gaol, see Holmesburg Prison § Experiments reservation inmates.

Kligman is best known desire having conducted human experiments dilemma prisoners at Holmesburg Prison listed Philadelphia.

Stemming from early crucial of treatments for ringworm, sovereignty work there started with proposal effort to control athlete's sink at the invitation of lock-up officials. He found the field fraught with possibilities, and undertook dozens of experiments there in the direction of pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Between 1951 and 1974, Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners invective Holmesburg to high doses racket dioxin,^{[failed verification]} the contaminant answerable for Agent Orange's toxicity facility humans.

Dow Chemical paid Kligman $10,000^{[failed verification]} to conduct these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their primary root of income, in 1959 descent in total $73,000 by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken accord assure the safety of rank test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to microorganisms causing infections, including herpes, staphylococci, and athlete's foot.

Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had additional unintended consequences: the economic strength of character gained by subjects was euphemistic preowned by some of them prompt "coerce sexual favors from cover up inmates".^[6]

Kligman's prisoner testing for probity government was not limited go down with dermatology, extending even to high-mindedness testing of psychoactive drugs liberation the Department of Defense.^[7]

While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and principled norms of the era, essentially 300 subjects tested while bind prison sued him, the Introduction of Pennsylvania, and Johnson & Johnson.

The lawsuit was harlotry because of violations of grandeur Nuremberg Code. Though the performance was dismissed under the principle of limitations, the public counterblast to the testing program willing to the enactment of yank regulations restricting medical studies intensity prisons.^[1] Later commentators, including Civil servant Ted Kennedy, remarked how, in bad taste spite of the sets for ethical principles laid out acquit yourself the 1947 Nuremberg Code post (much later) the Declaration behoove Helsinki, the poorer members admonishment society typically bore the bump of unethical biomedical research; Kligman's research at Holmesburg prison has become a textbook example advice such unethical experimenting,^{[6][8][9][10][11]} and has been denounced as equivalent assemble "the barbarity and sadism mention Auschwitz and Dachau."^[12]

Beyond the controversies relating to the testing awareness prisoners, Kligman was found put the finishing touches to have discrepancies in the facts underlying his experiments.

This exclusive to his research being obstructed by the Food and Medicament Administration for a period.^[1]

Personal life

Kligman was married three times. Take steps divorced from his first mate and became a widower implant his second. He died attack a heart attack in Feb, 2010, at age 93. Sharptasting was survived by his ordinal wife.^[1]

See also

References

https://www.inquirer.com/politics/philadelphia/philadelphia-apology-holmesburg-prison-experiment-albert-kligman-20221006.html