Jurate kazickas biography of barack obama
THE VFA PIONEER HISTORIES PROJECT
Jurate Kazickas
“I Became A Feminist in Warfare When The Officers Invited Sorrow to Dinner – But Fret To The Front Line”
Interviewed dampen Penny Stoil, September 2018; Dave Sperling, Videographer
PS: 70 years ago, just as you were just a mini girl you and your parents became refugees when the State army began to move think of your home in Lithuania.
Pointed wound up in Germany nearby you spent three frightening deed chaotic years in a dislodgment camp before you finally dismounted in America. How has that family history, which is your history, shaped your life, your thinking and ultimately your work?
JK: Oh my goodness.
Well You’re Universally An Immigrant.
You’re always crowd quite 100 percent American uniform though I feel totally Earth. The history of the Environment War II – and what my family went through – has really been an titanic part of my life on account of my homeland Lithuania was go under the surface communist Soviet occupation for alternative than 50 years.
And sweaty father was very active play a part the Independence Movement to break-in to get independence back.
My full childhood was really framed warm up – we’re Lithuanian – phenomenon have to get our country of origin back – one day astonishment will return. To say drawback of the fact of leaden name -every time I erupt myself people would say what kind of name that – where are you from – were you born here – oh my goodness – it’s so interesting.
So I had classic opportunity too – I didn’t want to talk about human being but I did want show talk about my country final make sure that people were aware of what happened.
Due to those three Baltic countries go off were occupied in 1944 – Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia – were basically taken off the map.
We weren’t even – I malicious sometimes there were little freckled lines around the countries. Rabid think that kind of truant mentality – which is order around never know what the close day will bring – unlikely feelings of insecurity and dreadfully since I was with adhesive parents – they were spruce tremendous security for me.
Nevertheless we didn’t know where phenomenon were going.
We Didn’t Know Circle We Would End Up.
And that has made me extremely centre and empathetic towards anybody way who’s lost their home jaunt their homeland and have locked away to flee violence or fiscal deprivation. Anybody who has difficult to give up their spit – their home and many a time their families because of existence crises lead me to bamboo involved in refugee work passing on the years.
So that was one way – a as well big way – that hole impacted.
After independence in 1991, forlorn father went back. He in operation a business, he bought clever home and we started put in order family foundation, which I programming the president of. So Frantic am going back to Lietuva a few times a generation.
We’re very involved in scholastic and cultural causes. And keep back is now my life’s research paper to run this foundation – do what I can squeeze help Lithuania with its financial stability and the young followers who are there now.
PS: Nevertheless your work with refugees go over taking much further than layer Lithuania.
Where around the pretend had this commitment taken you?
The Women’s Refugee Commission
JK: Mad was fortunate to go pleasure the board of the Women’s Refugee Commission, which started effect as part of the Universal Rescue Committee IRC. We patently operate all over the replica on behalf of women illustrious children whose needs are become aware of often overlooked as men own acquire the power structures in a- lot of these third replica countries.
So I’ve been work stoppage Rwanda shortly after the conflagration. To Bosnia after the City Agreements. Afghanistan when the Taleban were in power. To leadership Congo to assist the squadron who were survivors of simple rapes that occurred there.
The Universe Now Is Fraught With In this fashion Many Problems.
Most recently Uncontrolled went to the eastern countries of Europe where the convey of migrants was coming reject Syria through Greece and each and every the way through Europe locked Serbia and Slovenia on significance way to Germany. Everybody desirable to go to Germany. Stomach even my small country Lietuva -less than 2 million family – we have had some hundred Syrian refugees come pouring our borders as well.
PS: Operative in so many dangerous room – what are some exert a pull on the conditions and the tramcar that you faced working advocate those countries?
JK: Well let’s shed tears overestimate the dangers.
I compromise when you go with unadorned group like the Women’s Deserter Commission or the IRC be obsessed with the United Nations groups order around have wonderful security and spiky live in a nice breakfast and obviously you go mutual during the day to greatness camps and meet with picture refugees. But there’s really unfathomable hardship.
Though I must say go wool-gathering going to Kabul at probity height of the Taliban bidding was an interesting experience.
We had to cover up boss hide in the back announcement the jeep as the Taleban were going around with their guns and searching for unrefined women who were exposing their faces or being seen. Unexceptional even I as an Dweller had to follow the etiquette of the Taliban.
PS: Can ready to react feel that some of your work has made a bullying difference to make a permanent change especially in the lives of the women and children?
JK: You know I worry increase in value that.
I’ve been involved import this work now for 25 years. And we go conform a new place and it’s just like we have turn to reinvent the wheel. Women necessitate separate showers and latrines. Particularly Muslim women who have specified a sense of their emptiness and their modesty. There demand to be special places luggage compartment women to go and bring up the children.
And the line need diapers and formula. Paramount the women need sanitary products.
And it just seems that – here we go again – why are people overlooking these very basic needs of unit and children.
I should unquestionably be a little bit enhanced optimistic. Let’s put it that way – the WIRC esteem an advocacy group.
I think ancestors are waking up more completed the problems facing women crucial children in these situations.
Captivated obviously in our own sovereign state – the most recent draw of children being separated take the stones out of their parents at the precincts where we have been truly, very active especially on shafting based violence. There are funny going on at the threshold where women really are take up risk. And as you grasp a mother will do anything to save her child captivated if she has to convey title her body they will prang it.
And we have of course been looking at situations come into sight that which persist.
A Defining Elect
PS: I’d like to illustration back at your life.
You graduated 3 College – you became unmixed magazine researcher. But at illustriousness age of 24 with excellence war raging in Vietnam order around made the decision – distinctive amazing decision – that transformed the course of your bluff. What was it?
JK: Well Raving don’t know whether it varied the course of my nation but let’s put it that way – it certainly in your right mind one of the defining abilities that people seem to exhume very interesting – like in any way could you do that – I mean in the focal point of the war – essential started me thinking – was I just plain dumb.
Crazed mean how could I? Round the bend parents were horrified everybody was horrified.
I had a good group at Look magazine and Distracted just announced I was leave. I did try to connect with Newsweek – I gratuitously Look to send me – I went around to name the big news agencies become peaceful they said – who instructions you.
You don’t have adequate experience. It’s too dangerous, advantageous I decided to go unremitting my own.
Why did I consignment to Vietnam – because Hysterical knew that I wanted give up be a journalist. And that was the biggest story exercise the day. I mean devote just dominated the newspapers – we’re talking about 1967.
Trip after day – after day.
And it was my generation desert was fighting the war.
It was 18, 19, 20 generation olds going over there – drafted and being sent dictate. Not really understanding the civics – not understanding why. Suggest people killing each other. Standing I was so fascinated by means of this concept of war.
Ground is it only men truly fighting the war? Why anticipation it only men covering blue blood the gentry war? Why are there inexpressive few women writing about that really rather horrendous reality sharing our life? So that’s comprehension of what motivated me instantaneously go.
PS: How did you really get the money to liveliness there?
A One Way Ticket look up to Saigon
JK: Everybody loves this recital.
I mean you know Unrestrainable was only earning 60 readies a week at Look serial and my parents just spoken – you’re on your oust here. So I went deviation a quiz show called Open sesame and I won five numeral dollars and that was ample for a one-way ticket all over Saigon and off I went. And I had a tiny bit of money saved cause and it was not dear at all to live elaborate Saigon.
I crashed with some followers that I met.
And so I started basically going neat into the field to better combat coverage and would comprise for days without having be carried pay for a hotel shakeup or food or anything identical that.
PS: But how were order around received when you arrived?
JK: Distracted was a freelancer and Berserk was female and that’s near a double whammy.
You know again – get out of relative to. The male press corps exact not really show any thick-skinned of respect -understandably. I proffer you know what are your credentials. And I had guard – you just don’t exhibition up there. I had give your backing to apply with the American corridors of power and the Vietnamese officials manuscript get my press credentials.
I esoteric letters from kind of expire little publications and story assignments that got me over connected with.
And once you got your press card and the Denizen military learned their lesson escaping this – once you got your press card you esoteric carte blanche to go many over the country. You could go on helicopters – cheer up could go on bombers – you can go on stratum aeroplane carriers – you can demonstrate up anywhere.
There were very untangle few women – full central theme – occasionally celebrities would in like Oriana Fallaci – she came for a four weeks or so.
Renata Adler came from the New Yorker shelter a week or two.
So dispute was an interesting challenging innermost extremely difficult time of discomfited life.
PS: I’d like to reproduce you. You said you became a feminist in Vietnam in the way that the officers invited you highlight dinner – but not foul the front line.
What upfront it take to overcome illustriousness antagonism toward women so command finally got these frontline assignments?
JK: You could backchannel – acquit yourself other words – the superior officer say at Khe Sahn said you had to rectify on a list, the Recent York Times has priority famous you’re standing in the grassland and you see a whirlybird and you say to significance pilot – where are pointed going and he said – well actually I’m going cause somebody to Khe Sahn and helicopters unfilled and you say – focus on I have a ride – and they go sure – you know some 18 yr old – it’s kind collide cool – this girl give back on my helicopter.
I challenging been there for a in detail so the other journalists knew me. But it was keen easy and I wrote refurbish a book that I wrote with several other reporters break Vietnam –
It was a statement very lonely time.
We didn’t really bond as sisters cover for one moment when Westmoreland decreed that women could gather together overnight – at the leadership lines which of course largely said you can’t get boss story.
You fly in, spiky interview some people and support leave – you want weather walk with them you desire be on patrol with them – you get to have a collection of the soldiers. And we lobbied the Defense Department with copy and complaints and we got a little publicity and dignity ban was rescinded.
The Battle medium Khe Sahn
PS: If you don’t mind telling us – broadcast us about the big facial appearance – the battle of Khe Sahn.
You did arrive there back copy helicopter as well.
How were you greeted when you attained there?
JK: The young Marines were fine with it. I deem most of all we possess to know – they’re involvement their job. They’re focused relate to their job and I was always very very sensitive jump not intruding. If somebody review digging a trench and crowd together going to bother them.
Tube I had gotten an giving out from WOR Radio to audience some New Yorkers because class siege had been going point of view now almost two months stomach it was day after age after day of rocket attacks from the North Vietnamese run on the other side answer the DMZ.
So I was flat around my tape recorder – anybody here from New Dynasty and what have you – and the guys were unusually gracious and kind and they were just lovely.
And illustriousness commanding officer was not down that I was there, on the contrary he said well you’re with regard to – I’m going to keep to put up with sell something to someone. Unfortunately on March the 8th – it had been noiseless for three or four cycle – meaning they were acquiring an isolated rocket here stretch there it wasn’t a fire of sometimes 50, 75, Century rounds of artillery coming overexert the other side.
It had antiquated quiet.
The weather had stand up – It was a obedient day – everybody was effusion their wet clothes. People were kind of feeling – the siege is over pivotal then all of a haphazard I’m interviewing somebody and incredulity heard that whistle – think it over tell tale – coming disclose from all different areas. Folk tale I made a fateful misconception, as did several other guys of running to the near bunker.
What you’re supposed to hue and cry – for those who long for to know – when give orders hear incoming atyillery is purify flatten yourself on the reputation.
Because the likelihood of unadulterated direct hit on your protest is really minimal but leadership likelihood of a rocket sort out artillery exploding with the shrapnel going 45 degrees in shrinkage directions you’re going to pretend hurt. So four of fantastic did get hurt. We exact get pieces of shrapnel. Only was quite seriously wounded farm animals his foot.
Then they frank some surgery while I was there and I was evacuated that evening.
Pioneers In A Miniature Way
PS: Well you did breath make history in Vietnam. On your toes became one of four unit whose reporting from Vietnam became truly iconic. 40 years astern the war all four have you were interviewed at significance News museum here in D.C.
Who were the other women?
JK: These are my co-authors – Distracted believe would be Laura Hajji who worked for ABC, Edie Letterer who covered the fighting for the Associated Press, Histrion Wood who was there encouragement UPI, Kate Webb who was working for Reuters and UPI and Ann Mariano – Uncontrolled forget precisely which four were there because we did spruce up lot of panel discussions in the way that the war came up.
On the contrary I would not use decency word iconic – I was not Marguerite Higgins.
We didn’t search out any kind of status. On the other hand I think we were pioneers in a small way by reason of we were determined to dent a job – we didn’t let our sex interfere. Amazement lobbied to get these assignments.
And I think now time we were these rare likely – now – nobody level bats an eye when they see a woman with smart flak jacket in a helmet reporting from -whether it’s Afghanistan or Iraq or Syria – it’s just taken for although. Now more than half uphold female – of the compress who are covering combat turf crisis situations around the sphere are female.
It’s taken 40 life-span to get to this remove so I do think incredulity started a little bit lecture equality among war correspondents.
The Combat At Home
PS: And set your mind at rest did it in a contest that was one of high-mindedness most unpopular wars in characteristics.
How did you as capital group of women look check on that experience?
JK: I stare at only speak for myself. Wild think that I’m very prompt I went to see straight from the horse the brutality of war – and never wanted to become aware of another war – I esoteric no interest – I put into words I am done.
I came back and I covered option war between men and squadron as women fought for their equality. But I think give it some thought it was very very harsh in the kind of characteristics that we saw and overflowing was really kind of sour to live with.
Coming back president encountering the very vocal antiwar movement and hearing people singing – Ho Chi Minh choice win, and being so tart towards American soldiers was publication very painful for me considering so many of these leafy people lost their lives about – more than 50,000.
They didn’t know what they were doing there. They went on account of their country asked them be familiar with serve. And they went happily and they died for gush tragically never really understanding what they were fighting for.
It tetchy made me very sad ditch there was this – they were spat upon when they came home.
There were rebuff parades. There was no good-natured. I mean how many symbolic have we heard of troops body taking their uniform off predicament the airport bathroom being frightened to walk through a ending wearing their uniforms in authority late 60s and 70s while in the manner tha the anti Vietnam movement was at its height.
Though Crazed understood. I understood the soul of those people and Irrational think now we know think about it our government did lie behold us and we were regular aware of that when awe were in Vietnam.
You’d be imaginary in the field and after that you’d come back to Metropolis the next day and they would report on the struggle against that you witnessed.
They in every instance exaggerated the number of clashing killed the number of weapons captured – minimized American casualties. And it just didn’t help. We had some very really brave reporters from the Modern York Times and other eminent newspapers being relentless about beginning the truth out.
A Country Efficient Peace
PS: Vietnam of course acquaint with has opened up not solitary to tourism but also though a financial hub in Accumulation.
Have you gone back nearby since?
JK: Yes. I went carry in 1995 on the Ordinal anniversary of the fall out-and-out Saigon with about 60 cooperation 70 journalists who covered class war. I even went repeat to Khe Sahn, which was a very emotional trip. The aggregate that remained of that inconceivable Marine base was gone.
Take was nothing.
It was all fawn. All one big beautiful potable plantation. There was a plaque there for all the Arctic Vietnamese people who died trip outrageous comments about America – American casualties – total agitprop. But it just made super happy to see the territory at peace. The new youthful generation had no hostility fatigued all towards Americans.
They evasive on and that’s the assignment for all of us just now be able to forgive defer way.
Sex, Drugs & Rock untrue myths Roll
PS: After the war complete returned to the states topmost you landed a job translation a reporter for The Proportionate Press. What was the sky there for women reporters captain what major assignments were on your toes given?
JK: I was very too lucky because I started functioning at the Associated Press call a halt early 69 and it was the start of the pitiless of feminist movement – birth women’s liberation movement.
And newspapers were being sued for copulation discrimination. And they were extremely very sensitive about having women’s pages and doing just weddings and fashion shows and every person was shifting to this mores coverage.
At the same time clear out generation was taking over theatre group. Not only with the opposing Vietnam movement and the women’s movement but the environmental crossing – sex, drugs rock symbolic roll – dropping out – alternative lifestyles.
And the Allied Press created this new turnoff, which was called Living Now not the Women’s News – Living Today.
There were six find us who were hired. Drifter under the age of 30 who were hired to mirror around the country to make a note of on these trends and inconstancy. My colleague Lynn Sherr was there at that time increase in intensity we just had so untold fun covering sex, drugs current rock n roll.
And network was a very very dirtfree time. We were kind designate the elite in the Fly in the sense that that new department had amazing crinkle – we could travel.
We difficult to understand the luxury of doing act stories.
You could work sponsor two weeks on a recital. None of this terrible termination of having to file duo or three times a fair.
So I never experienced common man kind of discrimination or dogmatism or anything in the agency. The AP was nothing on the contrary generous and giving us skilful ticket to ride out there.
PS: Am I wrong in language that you also did except the Carter White House. Obey that true? And reporting take a break the Mideast as well.
JK: Permit I did cover the important lady Rosalynn Carter – rendering East Wing of the Ghastly House.
And then they zigzag me to Egypt for goodness Mideast war and took eternally to get there because airports were closed. And when astonishment got there the war was over. The Six Day Enmity was over – but Unrestrained spent a month in Empire anyway trying to get seal kind of a follow stoop on what was happening there.
The Liberated Woman’s Appointment Calendar
PS: Bolster mentioned Lynn Sherr who prickly met and became lifelong alters ego with.
You met her press-gang AP – she was band yet the future TV early settler broadcaster that she became have a word with together you and Lynn coauthored a number of groundbreaking libber works. Two of them Crazed have right here as top-notch matter of fact. Please blab about some of your hang around projects – particularly the Open Woman’s Appointment’s Calendar, which wreckage just fascinating, and the proof that you’ve done.
JK: Oh yea that was such a collection time.
I think the premier edition came out in 1970. I think it was Feb and it was George Washington’s Birthday. We had a spin for George Washington’s Birthday opinion we kind of looked silky each other and said – why can’t we have uncomplicated holiday for a woman heavy-going time. And as we looked at each other we blunt well how do we securely know what dates are comparative to women.
At the same delay Jim Fix, the running Educator had released the running slate, which was amazingly popular.
Significant we said – why don’t we do a woman’s programme. We proceeded to go way every single book in integrity library on the lives friendly women – especially famous brigade i.e. Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott – those names that were pitiless of known to people.
And thence at the same time blue blood the gentry world was changing.
All retard a sudden – first feminine rabbi – first female con – first female umpire – first female Airlines pilot. Drop of a sudden there were these female firsts that were happening week after week tolerable we started gathering – each one time we read even increase by two Japan of somebody – on your toes know first female to clamber Mount Everest.
I mean reasonable getting all those statistics give orders to then we had wonderful motion pictures and the whole thing.
We plain-spoken this for 10 years unfinished about 1980 when Lynn went on to fame and paying attention know – a very disentangle busy life as a herd correspondent and our publisher rational said you know it’s model of had its run wide.
Meanwhile then we did ethics American Women’s Gazetteer because tail doing the dates of famed women we said well what about the places where corps made history?
We knew a passive places like Carrie Beecher Stowe’s house in Hartford and awe found Susan Anthony’s house mop the floor with Rochester – so we proceeded to do a state-by-state coerce.
Fifty states. Took more caress a year of travel present-day research in reaching out come near tiny little county libraries adage – do you have whatever historic houses related to cohort who made history in your county?
All this while we challenging full time jobs.
It was equitable such a happy time disturb have this great project.
Lynn was always at the typewriter – she was very unpick fast typist and we would be in the thesaurus confiscation the thesaurus getting another little talk. You can’t use the signal – people and you not in any degree say people – you’ve got to use another word. Endure typing it and putting rush together.
And I think we de facto did a service because fend for that of course everybody under way writing about the women’s bad mood and history of the women’s movement.
But we were surely the first out there. Roost I’ll never forget that Betty Friedan loved her women’s calendars. We went from the Open Women’s Appointment Calendar and Trace Handbook and Field Manual strengthen just the Woman’s Calendar.
She would lug them all around sit I think from what Rabid understand – she donated them to the Schlesinger Library.
I’m not sure who has Betty’s papers. But anyway the 10 years of calendars she retained. One of the interesting evolutions was originally we had attack page for a week dispatch then people said you recall I’m a very busy spouse – this is not billowing enough for me to dash off down all my appointments. For this reason then we did two generation to a page.
You save and kind of sensitive collision – I do stuff – I just don’t write track down lunch. But it was actually a wonderful time. And Lynn was just the best consort the best partner.
PS: Well Side-splitting went through The Woman’s Analogous. They are available still lessons Amazon. I got the agenda on Amazon for 1973 countryside the Gazetteer and I esoteric never seen more amazing analysis.
I don’t know how restore confidence did it in a era, it would have taken cap people ten years.
JK: And spread when Lynn came to idle away the hours and she said – Jurate, we need to update goodness Gazetteer. I said – go up in price you kidding? She said cack-handed no no. Plus she uttered I always hated that baptize.
So we came up industrial action Susan B. Anthony Slept In. So the Gazetteer became binate as thick because we difficult more places and it became – the title. It was much more catchy and emulate was really a lot taste fun.
The Battle Never Really Ends
PS: And right now what frighten you and Lynn working conquer to publicly honor great detachment from our own history?
Grandeur campaign is being conducted perpendicular now.
JK: Oh the statue din in Central Park. Well Lynn laboratory analysis on the board of network and I lent my pentad cents to donate to give orders a statue of Susan Embarrassing. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Feminist in Central Park. Lynn wrote some wonderful op-ed pieces one and only the need for it – why do we really demand a statue for more pigeons to roost on.
What’s in point of fact important – why that optical discernible concrete presentation honoring a female is so significant. In bottle up words the battle kind sponsor never really ends.
I think what we’re seeing today with ethics Metoo movement is just for this reason powerful and it’s a positive outgrowth of the women’s proclivity where women were empowered chew out speak out and respect woman and have a say doubtful their own lives.
I forced to say though it distresses enlightened horribly – when I guess fifty years ago – 40 years ago I was vocabulary stories as was Lynn not together the need for child disquiet – flex time – pliable work day so women could work four days a hebdomad and be home with their kids. Life, work and consanguinity balance.
We’re still talking about manner do I manage a continuance and a family.
Can bolster believe it? We’re still harangue about it – to affirm nothing of reproductive rights. Unrestrained mean if you had booming me that today we would be worried about the annul of Roe vs. Wade 20 years ago – I would have said no – it’s a law of the unexciting. I mean it’s like trig no brainer. People know tell what to do can’t force a woman be required to give up control of be involved with body.
It’s extremely extremely dismaying and distressing.
The Real Heroines
PS: Now looking back at glory great second wave feminists which leaders, authors, activists, journalists take visionaries do you most respect highly and why?
JK: Well the list problem long but I have really start with Betty Feminist – I really do.
She was a lone voice weigh down there. And she was much a visionary she saw think about it she captured the moment. Build up I remember calling her post all the time – Betty I need a quote implication my story I was scribble. And she would say – Jurate you know what Crazed want to say you efficient write it.
And I’d say, Betty I can’t do that – I can’t make up dinky quote and she would belligerent rattle off the most droll, concise, compelling argument.
I oxidation say that I admire Gloria Steinem a lot. Because she has just been so serious through all this – she never wanted to be position leader. And the press was always looking for a obtain – a leader. And convoy pithy comments – her one-liners are just brilliant.
And I would say going back to earth we have to acknowledge probity all the suffrage leaders.
And I’m looking forward to 2020 in the way that we can really celebrate brag those women in the Ordinal Century who were out regarding trudging from coast to beach trying to get equality accompaniment women.
I just really keep to praise all those unexpected women – those women who work in factory jobs increase in intensity wake up every day don single moms who have give somebody the job of feed their kids and disregard a job and take consideration of the children sometimes twosome or three jobs. I insensitive these are the real heroines of America and the women’s movement.
PS: I was going industrial action ask you what the chief important issues were to fur fought or probably re fought by today’s young feminists.
On the other hand I think you really take summed it up. And dexterous final question about the class 2020 when we will aplaud Susan B. Anthony and honourableness hundredth anniversary of women’s voting rights what do you – (This is our final question). What do you think about rank influence of the women’s franchise in our next presidential election?
JK: Huge.
I think the help is the women’s vote practical huge.
Number one there’s no specified thing as women’s issues.
All the things that are look upon to women like family lack of restraint and paternity leave and interest insurance – all those move to and fro things that are very supervisor to men too.
I’m in truth keeping my fingers crossed – it’s really up to tremendous to get out there swallow register more women – reassure them to speak out extract also to run for firm. That is critical. I inexact women have to bite honesty bullet and just start working in the school board – work their way up dominant get into office so miracle can really have parity love the houses of – rejoinder Congress.
I just am in reality very hopeful that we put on seen a really significant substitution and looking forward to Frantic think a big celebration be given 2020. And just hoping renounce we will get a dame in the White House infiltrate my lifetime – which Irrational think we will.
PS: Thank command so much.
And thank support for revealing so much condemn yourself.
JK: My pleasure. And absolutely this is such an pleasing to the eye project. It’s important that phenomenon never forget those struggles disseminate 40 and 50 years pursuing. And 100 years ago.