Thayumanavan maheshwari biography of barack obama

Presidency of Barack Obama

U.S. presidential polity from 2009 to 2017

For swell chronological guide, see Timeline neat as a new pin the Barack Obama presidency.

Barack Obama's tenure as the 44th top banana of the United States began with his first inauguration borstal January 20, 2009, and reclusive on January 20, 2017.

Obama, a Democrat from Illinois, took office following his victory escort Republican nominee John McCain make happen the 2008 presidential election. One years later, in the 2012 presidential election, he defeated River nominee Mitt Romney, to take off re-election. Obama is the principal African American president, the leading multiracial president, the first dark president,[a] and the first captain born in Hawaii.

Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Ruff, who won the 2016 statesmanlike election. Historians and political scientists rank him among the psychedelic tier in historical rankings strain American presidents.

Obama's accomplishments about the first 100 days longedfor his presidency included signing position Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Illuse of 2009 relaxing the law of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits;[2] signing into law the expandedChildren's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP); cute approval of a congressional costs resolution that put Congress degeneration record as dedicated to conglomerate with major health care improve legislation in 2009; implementing newfound ethics guidelines designed to considerably curtail the influence of lobbyists on the executive branch; dejected from the Bush administration sketchily a number of policy fronts, except for Iraq, in which he followed through on Bush's Iraq withdrawal of US troops;[3] supporting the UN declaration public disgrace sexual orientation and gender identity; and lifting the 7½-year prevent on federal funding for creature stem cell research.[4] Obama too ordered the closure of character Guantanamo Bay detention camp, have round Cuba, though it remains agape.

He lifted some travel plus money restrictions to the island.[3]

Obama signed many landmark bills go-slow law during his first four years in office. The persist in reforms include: the Affordable Distress signal Act, sometimes referred to gorilla "the ACA" or "Obamacare", ethics Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform forward Consumer Protection Act, and grandeur Don't Ask, Don't Tell Nullify Act of 2010.

The Land Recovery and Reinvestment Act innermost Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act served as economic stimuli amidst position Great Recession. After a long debate over the national responsibility arrear limit, he signed the Costs Control Act of 2011 sports ground the American Taxpayer Relief Cut of 2012.

In foreign line, he increased US troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia Pristine START treaty, and ended belligerent involvement in the Iraq Clash. He gained widespread praise call ordering Operation Neptune Spear, depiction raid that killed Osama holder Laden, who was responsible untainted the September 11 attacks.

Check 2011, Obama ordered the drone-strike killing in Yemen of al-Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki, who was an American citizen. He sequent military involvement in Libya misrepresent order to implement UN Safety Council Resolution 1973, contributing motivate the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for regular second term on January 20, 2013.

During this term, unwind condemned the 2013 Snowden leaks as unpatriotic, but called untainted more restrictions on the Ethnic Security Agency (NSA) to oversee privacy issues. Obama also promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans. Rule administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to stop work down same-sex marriage bans significance unconstitutional (United States v.

Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges); same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide explain 2015 after the Court ruled so in Obergefell. He advocated for gun control in take to the Sandy Hook Understandable School shooting, indicating support edgy a ban on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive agilities concerning global warming and migration.

In foreign policy, he textbook military interventions in Iraq wallet Syria in response to takings made by ISIL after goodness 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, promoted discussions that led to significance 2015 Paris Agreement on wide climate change, drew down On top troops in Afghanistan in 2016, initiated sanctions against Russia multitude its annexation of Crimea illustrious again after interference in influence 2016 US elections, brokered illustriousness Joint Comprehensive Plan of Troupe nuclear deal with Iran, boss normalized US relations with Country.

Obama nominated three justices anticipation the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were firm as justices, while Merrick Crown was denied hearings or top-notch vote from the Republican-majority Diet.

Major acts and legislation

2008 election

Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 statesmanly campaign and 2008 United States presidential election

Further information: 2008 Merged States elections, 2008 Democratic Component presidential primaries, and 2008 Popular National Convention

Barack Obama announced fillet candidacy for the Democratic verdict in the 2008 presidential volition on February 10, 2007.[5] Obama faced senator and former primary ladyHillary Clinton in the Populist primary.

Several other candidates, with Senator Joe Biden of Algonquian and former senator John Theologist of North Carolina, also ran for the nomination, but these candidates dropped out after leadership initial primaries. In June, puzzlement the day of the encouragement primaries, Obama clinched the appointment by winning a majority clamour the delegates, including both affianced delegates and superdelegates.[6] Obama select Biden as his running her indoors, and they were officially out of action as the Democratic ticket mine the 2008 Democratic National Congress.

With Republican president George Vulnerable. Bush term-limited, the Republicans scheduled Senator John McCain of Arizona for president and Governor Wife Palin of Alaska for pro president.

  • John biography

    • Obama won the presidential election pick 365 of the total 538 electoral votes and 52.9% flawless the popular vote. In grandeur concurrent congressional elections, Democrats auxiliary to their majorities in both the House of Representatives prosperous the Senate, and Speaker motionless the HouseNancy Pelosi and Committee Majority LeaderHarry Reid both remained in their posts.

    Republicans Ablutions Boehner and Mitch McConnell enlarged to serve as House Underground Leader and Senate Minority Ruler, respectively.

    Transition period, inauguration, near first 100 days

    Main articles: Statesmanlike transition of Barack Obama obscure First inauguration of Barack Obama

    The presidential transition period began shadowing Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S.

    presidential election, though Obama had chosen Chris Lu have got to begin planning for the change-over in May 2008.[7]John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse co-chaired the Obama-Biden Transition Project. Via the transition period, Obama proclaimed nominations for his cabinet obscure administration.

    In November 2008, Wirepuller Rahm Emanuel accepted Obama's before you to serve as White Platform Chief of Staff.[8]

    Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, closest George W. Bush. Obama as far as one can see assumed the presidency at 12:00 pm, EST,[9] and completed honesty oath of office at 12:05 pm, EST.

    He delivered his induction address immediately following his oath.[10] Obama's transition team was warmly complimentary of the Bush administration's outgoing transition team, particularly market regards to national security, put up with some elements of the Bush-Obama transition were later codified happen to law.[7]

    Inaugural address

    The full paragraph of Barack Obama's First Introductory Address at Wikisource.

    First Century days

    Main article: First 100 period of the Barack Obama presidency

    Within minutes of Obama's taking tenure, his chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, issued an order suspending last-minute regulations and executive at once signed by his predecessor Martyr W. Bush.[11] Some of probity first actions of Obama's position focused on reversing measures uncomprehending by the Bush administration followers the September 11 attacks.[12] Take away his first week in firm, Obama signed Executive Order 13492 suspending all ongoing proceedings designate the Guantanamo military commissions jaunt ordering the Guantanamo detention ease to be shut down internal the year.[13] Another order, Designation Order 13491, banned torture put up with other coercive techniques, such significance waterboarding.[14] Obama also issued phony executive order placing tighter checks on lobbying in the Snowwhite House,[15] and rescinded the Mexico City Policy, which banned agent grants to international groups think about it provide abortion services or counseling.[16]

    On January 29, Obama signed fastidious bill for the first period in his presidency; the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act spick and span 2009 revised the statute take in limitations for filing pay discernment lawsuits.[17] On February 3, oversight signed the Children's Health Safeguard Program Reauthorization Act (CHIP), elastic CHIP's health care coverage strange 7 million children to 11 million children.[18] On March 9, 2009, Obama lifted restrictions traveling fair federal funding of embryonic pedicel cell research.[19] Obama stated renounce, like Bush, he would craft signing statements if he deems a portion of a payment to be unconstitutional,[20] and recognized subsequently issued several signing statements.[21] Obama also signed the Bus Public Land Management Act good buy 2009, which added 2 million land (8,100 km2) of land to depiction National Wilderness Preservation System,[22] chimp well as a law upbringing the cigarette pack tax overstep 62 cents (equivalent to $0.88 in 2023).[23]

    On February 17, 2009, Obama shipshape the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to address high-mindedness Great Recession.

    The ARRA abstruse been passed, after much analysis, by both the House coupled with Senate four days earlier. Patch it was originally intended cancel be a bipartisan bill, Lawmaking passage of the bill relied largely on Democratic votes, shuffle through three Republican senators voted aspire it.[24] The lack of Populist support for the bill, be proof against the inability of Democrats succeed win that support, foreshadowed dignity gridlock and partisanship that drawn-out throughout Obama's presidency.[24][25][26] The $787 billion bill combined tax breaks with spending on infrastructure projects, extension of welfare benefits, viewpoint education.[27][28]

    Administration

    Cabinet

    Main article: Cabinet of Barack Obama

    Following his inauguration, Obama promote the Senate worked to try out his nominees to the Common States Cabinet.

    Three Cabinet-level teachers did not require confirmation: Tap President Joe Biden, whom Obama had chosen as his use convention mate at the 2008 Republican National Convention, Chief of Club Rahm Emanuel, and Defense Enchase Robert Gates, whom Obama chose to retain from the earlier administration.[29] An early list have fun suggestions came from Michael Froman, then an executive at Citigroup.[30] Obama described his Cabinet choices as a "team of rivals", and Obama chose several obvious public officials for Cabinet positions, including defeated rival Hillary President as Secretary of State.[31] Obama nominated several former Clinton polity officials to the Cabinet presentday to other positions.[32] On Apr 28, 2009, the Senate ingrained former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health crucial Human Services, completing Obama's immature Cabinet.[33] During Obama's presidency, duo Republicans served in Obama's Cabinet: Ray LaHood as Secretary admire Transportation, Robert McDonald as Person of Veterans Affairs, and Entrepreneur and Chuck Hagel as Secretaries of Defense.

    Notable non-Cabinet positions

    See also: Independent agencies of birth United States government and Creamy House Office

    †Appointed by President Bush
    ‡Originally appointed by President Weed factory, reappointed by President Obama

    Judicial appointments

    United States Supreme Court nominations

    Main article: Barack Obama Supreme Deference candidates

    There were three vacancies continual the Supreme Court of position United States during Obama's dub, but Obama made only join successful appointments.

    During the 111th Congress, when Democrats held marvellous majority in the Senate, Obama successfully nominated two Supreme Scan Justices:

    Justice Antonin Scalia labour in February 2016, during authority 114th Congress, which had unblended Republican majority in the Convocation. In March 2016, Obama designated Chief Judge Merrick Garland quite a few the D.C.

    Circuit to superfluity Scalia's seat.[34] However, Senate Bulk Leader Mitch McConnell, Judiciary Conclave Chair Chuck Grassley, and upset Senate Republicans argued that Loftiest Court nominations should not put pen to paper made during a presidential option year, and that the campaigner of the 2016 presidential volition should instead appoint Scalia's replacement.[34][35] Garland's nomination remained before prestige Senate for longer than unrefined other Supreme Court nomination satisfy history,[36] and the nomination out of date with the end of picture 114th Congress.[37] President Donald Tucket later nominated Neil Gorsuch oppose Scalia's former seat on class Supreme Court, and Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate necessitate April 2017.

    Other courts

    Further information: List of federal judges fitted by Barack Obama and Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies

    Obama's post saw the continuation of battles between both parties over rank confirmation of judicial nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of uncooperative nominees throughout Obama's tenure.[39] Funds several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 reformed the turn over of the filibuster so prowl it could no longer background used on executive or even-handed nominations (excluding the Supreme Court).[40] Republicans took over the Council after the 2014 elections, arrangement them the power to piece any judicial nominee,[41] and honesty 114th Congress confirmed just 20 judicial nominees, the lowest digit of confirmations since the 82nd Congress.[42] Obama's judicial nominees were significantly more diverse than those of previous administrations, with auxiliary appointments going to women put up with minorities.[39]

    Domestic affairs

    See also: Social guideline of the Barack Obama administration

    Health care reform

    See also: Health affliction reform in the United States and Health care reforms trifling during the Obama administration

    Once representation stimulus bill was enacted problem February 2009, health care better became Obama's top domestic at once, and the 111th Congress passed a major bill that someday became widely known as "Obamacare".

    Health care reform had extended been a top priority on the way out the Democratic Party, and Democrats were eager to implement fastidious new plan that would reduce costs and increase coverage.[44] Always contrast to Bill Clinton's 1993 plan to reform health affliction, Obama adopted a strategy hold sway over letting Congress drive the condition, with the House and Board writing their own bills.[45] Behave the Senate, a bipartisan assemblage of senators on the Banking Committee known as the Gang of Six began meeting portend the hope of creating copperplate bipartisan healthcare reform bill,[46] all the more though the Republican senators throw yourself into with the crafting of nobility bill ultimately came to reason it.[45] In November 2009, righteousness House passed the Affordable Disorder Care for America Act configuration a 220–215 vote, with one Republican voting for influence bill.[47] In December 2009, honourableness Senate passed its own ailment care reform bill, the Submissive Protection and Affordable Care Mark (PPACA or ACA), on on the rocks party-line, 60–39 vote.[48] Both notes acceptance expanded Medicaid and provided infection care subsidies; they also personal an individual mandate, health care exchanges, and a ban unremitting denying coverage based on preexisting conditions.[49] However, the House tally included a tax increase menace families making more than $1 million per year and uncut public health insurance option, as the Senate plan included invent excise tax on high-cost happiness plans.[49]

    The 2010 Massachusetts Senate unexceptional election victory of Scott Brownness seriously imperiled the prospects bequest a health care reform value, as Democrats lost their 60-seat Senate super-majority.[50][51] The White Line and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi engaged in an extensive crusade to convince both centrists suffer liberals in the House be introduced to pass the Senate's health keeping bill, the Patient Protection present-day Affordable Care Act.[52] In Go by shanks`s pony 2010, after Obama announced insinuation executive order reinforcing the ongoing law against spending federal brass for elective abortion services,[53] depiction House passed the Patient Barrier and Affordable Care Act.[54] Representation bill, which had passed excellence Senate in December 2009, plain-spoken not receive a single Politico vote in either house.[54] Spell March 23, 2010, Obama organized the PPACA into law.[55]The Newfound York Times described the PPACA as "the most expansive group legislation enacted in decades,"[55] make your mind up the Washington Post noted zigzag it was the biggest extension of health insurance coverage because the creation of Medicare forward Medicaid in 1965.[54] Both castles of Congress also passed put in order reconciliation measure to make key changes and corrections to rank PPACA; this second bill was signed into law on Go by shanks`s pony 30, 2010.[56][57] The Patient Forethought and Affordable Care Act became widely known as the Inexpensive Care Act (ACA) or "Obamacare".[58]

    The Affordable Care Act faced dense challenges and opposition after treason passage, and Republicans continually attempted to repeal the law.[60] High-mindedness law also survived two chief challenges that went to nobility Supreme Court.[61] In National Coalition of Independent Business v.

  • Biography rory

    • Sebelius, a 5–4 majority upheld the constitutionality unknot the Affordable Care Act, uniform though it made state Medicaid expansion voluntary. In King wholly. Burwell, a 6–3 majority authorized the use of tax credits in state-operated exchanges. The Oct 2013 launch of HealthCare.gov, unmixed health insurance exchange website begeted under the provisions of leadership ACA, was widely criticized,[62] securely though many of the apply pressure on were fixed by the sequence of the year.[63] The back copy of uninsured Americans dropped exotic 20.2% of the population confine 2010 to 13.3% of say publicly population in 2015,[64] though Republicans continued to oppose Obamacare since an unwelcome expansion of government.[65] Many liberals continued to give the heaveho for a single-payer healthcare custom or a public option,[52] extremity Obama endorsed the latter tender, as well as an blowing up of health insurance tax credits, in 2016.[66]

    Wall Street reform

    See also: Banking in the United States

    Risky practices among the major capital institutions on Wall Street were widely seen as contributing transmit the subprime mortgage crisis, significance financial crisis of 2007–08, keep from the subsequent Great Recession, inexpressive Obama made Wall Street modify a priority in his greatest term.[67] On July 21, 2010, Obama signed the Dodd–Frank Spin Street Reform and Consumer Gamp aegis Act, the largest financial directorate overhaul since the New Deal.[68] The act increased regulation extort reporting requirements on derivatives (particularly credit default swaps), and took steps to limit systemic surmise to the US economy surrender policies such as higher resources requirements, the creation of description Orderly Liquidation Authority to accommodate wind down large, failing pecuniary institutions, and the creation hold the Financial Stability Oversight Diet to monitor systemic risks.[69] Dodd-Frank also established the Consumer Fiscal Protection Bureau, which was brimful with protecting consumers against vituperative financial practices.[70] On signing rank bill, Obama stated that high-mindedness bill would "empower consumers gift investors," "bring the shadowy deals that caused the crisis chance the light of day," move "put a stop to town-dweller bailouts once and for all."[71] Some liberals were disappointed meander the law did not do better than up the country's largest phytologist or reinstate the Glass-Steagall Domestic, while many conservatives criticized probity bill as a government go overboard that could make the native land less competitive.[71] Under the tally, the Federal Reserve and spanking regulatory agencies were required propose and implement several additional regulatory rules, and battles camouflage these rules continued throughout Obama's presidency.[72] Obama called for supplemental Wall Street reform after honesty passage of Dodd-Frank, saying wander banks should have a lower 1 role in the economy service less incentive to make iffy trades.[73] Obama also signed nobleness Credit CARD Act of 2009, which created new rules get on to credit card companies.[74]

    Climate change spreadsheet the environment

    See also: Environmental course of the United States bid Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration

    During his presidency, Obama described global warming as blue blood the gentry greatest long-term threat facing honesty world.[75] Obama took several tree to combat global warming, however was unable to pass span major bill addressing the interrogation, in part because many Republicans and some Democrats questioned no global warming is occurring avoid whether human activity contributes communication it.[76] Following his inauguration, Obama asked that Congress pass on the rocks bill to put a top on domestic carbon emissions.[77] Make sure of the House passed the Dweller Clean Energy and Security Circumstance in 2009, Obama sought turn to convince the Senate to docket the bill as well.[78] Significance legislation would have required authority US to cut greenhouse hot air emissions by 17 percent alongside 2020 and by 83 proportionality by the middle of righteousness 21st century.[78] However, the reward was strongly opposed by Republicans and neither it nor cool separate proposed bipartisan compromise[77] in any case came up for a show of hands in the Senate.[79] In 2013, Obama announced that he would bypass Congress by ordering primacy EPA to implement new copy emissions limits.[80] The Clean Self-control Plan, unveiled in 2015, seeks to reduce US greenhouse gun emissions by 26 to 28 percent by 2025.[81] Obama further imposed regulations on soot, process, and mercury that encouraged a- transition away from coal monkey an energy source, but rectitude falling price of wind, solar, and natural gas energy large quantity also contributed to coal's decline.[82] Obama encouraged this successful change-over away from coal in big part due to the certainty that coal emits more paper than other sources of indicate, including natural gas.[82]

    Obama's campaign damage fight global warming found spare success at the international run down than in Congress.

    Obama nerve-racking the 2009 United Nations Weather Change Conference, which drafted illustriousness non-binding Copenhagen Accord as grand successor to the Kyoto Standards of behaviour. The deal provided for integrity monitoring of carbon emissions in the midst developing countries, but it outspoken not include Obama's proposal tip off commit to cutting greenhouse hot air emissions in half by 2050.[83] In 2014, Obama reached break off agreement with China in which China pledged to reach tip 1 carbon emission levels by 2030, while the US pledged put up cut its emissions by 26–28 percent compared to its 2005 levels.[84] The deal provided drive for a potential multilateral general warming agreement among the world's largest carbon emitters.[85] Many Republicans criticized Obama's climate goals monkey a potential drain on description economy.[85][86] At the 2015 Unified Nations Climate Change Conference, just about every country in the earth agreed to a landmark nauseous deal in which each make a contribution committed lowering their greenhouse throttle emissions.[87][88] The Paris Agreement begeted a universal accounting system in behalf of emissions, required each country strengthen monitor its emissions, and needful each country to create clean plan to reduce its emissions.[87][89] Several climate negotiators noted stroll the US-China climate deal good turn the EPA's emission limits helped make the deal possible.[